The protection of intellectual property (IP) is a cornerstone of a knowledge-based economy. In the Philippines, the legal framework governing intellectual property is designed to foster creativity, innovation, and technological development. This article provides a detailed legal overview of the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, its key provisions, and the role of the government agency tasked with its implementation.
I. The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293)
The primary law on intellectual property in the Philippines is the Intellectual Property Code (IP Code), or Republic Act No. 8293. Enacted in 1997, the IP Code consolidated and modernized the country’s laws on patents, trademarks, and copyrights. It was established to:
- Recognize that IP is a vital instrument for national development.
- Secure the exclusive rights of creators, inventors, and other gifted citizens.
- Encourage the widest participation of technology transfer.
- Align Philippine IP laws with international standards and treaties.
The IP Code is a comprehensive statute that covers various forms of intellectual property, which can be broadly categorized into industrial property and copyright.
II. The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL)
The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) is the government agency responsible for the administration and enforcement of the IP Code. It is a quasi-judicial body with a “DREAM” mandate, which includes Development-Oriented, Regulatory, Enforcement, Adjudicatory, and Policy-Making functions. Its key roles include:
- Registration and Granting of Rights: The IPOPHL is the central body for receiving and examining applications for patents, utility models, industrial designs, and trademarks.
- Adjudication: It has original jurisdiction to hear and decide cases involving IP violations, cancellations of registrations, and disputes related to technology transfer payments.
- Enforcement: The IPOPHL has enforcement functions, supported by agencies like the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), to combat IP rights infringement.
III. Key Types of Intellectual Property Rights under the IP Code
The IP Code provides legal protection for several types of intellectual property. Here is a detailed breakdown of the most common ones:
A. Patents
A patent is an exclusive right granted for a new and inventive product, process, or an improvement of a product or process. It is a technical solution to a problem in any field of human activity.
- Patentable Inventions: To be granted a patent, an invention must satisfy three key criteria:
- Novelty: It must not have been made available to the public anywhere in the world before the filing date.
- Inventive Step: It must not be obvious to a “person skilled in the art.”
- Industrial Applicability: It must be capable of being used in any industry.
- Non-Patentable Inventions: The IP Code specifically excludes certain creations from patent protection, such as scientific theories, mathematical methods, aesthetic creations, and methods for medical treatment.
- Term of Protection: A patent is valid for 20 years from the date of filing, without the possibility of renewal.
B. Trademarks
A trademark is any visible sign, such as a word, name, symbol, logo, or a combination thereof, that is used to distinguish the goods or services of one enterprise from those of others.
- Registrability: A mark must be distinctive to be registered. The IP Code prohibits the registration of marks that are immoral, deceptive, or confusingly similar to an existing mark.
- “First-to-File” Rule: The Philippines follows the “first-to-file” rule, meaning that the person who first files an application for a trademark registration is presumed to be the owner of the mark.
- Term of Protection: A trademark registration is valid for 10 years from the date of registration and is indefinitely renewable for successive 10-year periods, provided the owner files a Declaration of Actual Use (DAU).
C. Copyright
Copyright is the legal protection granted to the creator of original literary and artistic works. Unlike patents and trademarks, copyright protection is automatic from the moment of creation; registration with IPOPHL or the National Library is not mandatory but can serve as prima facie evidence of ownership.
- Works Covered: The IP Code provides a non-exhaustive list of works protected by copyright, including books, computer programs, musical compositions, films, architectural works, paintings, and photographic works.
- Term of Protection: Generally, copyright protection lasts for the lifetime of the author plus 50 years after their death.
- Moral and Economic Rights: The author has both economic rights (the right to reproduce, perform, and license the work for profit) and moral rights (the right to be attributed as the author and to object to any distortion or mutilation of the work).
D. Utility Models and Industrial Designs
- Utility Model: A utility model is also an invention but with a lower standard of inventiveness than a patent. It only needs to be “new” and “industrially applicable.” It is often referred to as a “petty patent.”
- Term of Protection: A utility model is protected for 7 years from the filing date, with no renewal.
- Industrial Design: This refers to the aesthetic or ornamental aspect of an article of manufacture. It must be new or original.
- Term of Protection: An industrial design is protected for 5 years from the filing date, and can be renewed for two consecutive five-year periods, for a maximum of 15 years.
E. Trade Secrets and Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits
The IP Code also provides protection for undisclosed information (trade secrets), which derives its value from its confidentiality. Similarly, it protects the layout-designs of integrated circuits, which are essential for the semiconductor industry.
IV. Enforcement and Penalties
The IP Code provides both administrative and criminal remedies against infringement.
- Administrative Remedies: The IPOPHL has the power to issue cease and desist orders, impose fines, and confiscate infringing goods. It can also resolve disputes through mediation and other alternative dispute resolution mechanisms.
- Criminal Penalties: Infringement of IP rights is a criminal offense. The penalties can include fines, imprisonment, or both, depending on the severity of the offense. For instance, in cases of copyright infringement, the law provides for imprisonment and fines that increase with the number of offenses.
V. Conclusion
The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines is a robust and essential law for the country’s development. It provides a strong legal foundation for protecting the rights of creators and innovators, promoting fair competition, and fostering a creative economy. With the IPOPHL at the forefront of its administration and enforcement, the Philippines is committed to upholding intellectual property rights in both the national and international arenas.
How we can help:
Our law firm offers dedicated legal assistance to guide you through every step in navigating the complexities of the legal system, all while relentlessly working to seek justice on your behalf. We understand the challenges you’re facing and are committed to providing the support and representation needed to pursue a favorable resolution.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and isn’t a substitute for professional legal advice. If you need personalized guidance, it’s always best to consult with a lawyer.
Insolvency and Financial Distress in the Philippines
In the Philippines, the term “bankruptcy” is often used colloquially but is not a standalone legal proceeding. The legal framework for dealing with financial distress is governed primarily by the Financial Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act of 2010 (FRIA), or Republic Act No. 10142. FRIA provides a comprehensive and modern system for the orderly rehabilitation or liquidation of financially distressed debtors, balancing the interests of debtors, creditors, and other stakeholders.
This article provides a detailed legal overview of the remedies available under FRIA, focusing on the two main paths for a debtor: rehabilitation and liquidation.
I. The Financial Rehabilitation and Insolvency Act (FRIA) of 2010
FRIA of 2010 repealed the outdated Insolvency Law of 1909 and established a new framework with a clear policy: to encourage and promote the rehabilitation of distressed enterprises to preserve viable businesses, maximize asset values, and maintain economic stability. FRIA applies to individuals, partnerships, and corporations, but it specifically excludes banks, insurance companies, and pre-need companies, which are governed by other special laws.
FRIA defines “insolvency” as a debtor’s inability to pay its liabilities as they fall due in the ordinary course of business, or having liabilities that are greater than its assets.
II. Rehabilitation: The Path to Financial Recovery
Rehabilitation is the legal process of restoring the financial health and viability of a debtor. It is a remedy for a company that is in financial distress but still has a feasible plan to continue operations. The goal is to restructure the debtor’s debt and assets to enable it to return to a state of solvency.
There are three main types of rehabilitation proceedings under FRIA:
1. Court-Supervised Rehabilitation
This is the most common form of rehabilitation and is initiated by a petition filed in a Special Commercial Court of the Regional Trial Court.
- Voluntary Proceedings: Initiated by the debtor itself. The debtor, with a vote of a majority of the board of directors/trustees and a vote of stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock, files a verified petition. The petition must be accompanied by a comprehensive rehabilitation plan.
- Involuntary Proceedings: Initiated by creditors. Any creditor or group of creditors with an aggregate claim of at least ₱1 million or at least 25% of the debtor’s subscribed capital stock (whichever is higher) may file a petition. This typically occurs when a debtor has defaulted on its payments.
Upon finding the petition sufficient in form and substance, the court issues a Commencement Order. This order is a critical legal document that has several key effects, including the issuance of a Stay Order.
- Effects of the Stay Order: The Stay Order immediately and automatically suspends all actions or proceedings to enforce claims against the debtor. It prohibits the debtor from selling or encumbering its property outside the ordinary course of business and from making any payments of its outstanding liabilities. This gives the debtor “breathing room” to focus on its rehabilitation.
- Rehabilitation Receiver: The court appoints a rehabilitation receiver, a qualified professional who oversees the rehabilitation process. The receiver’s duties include verifying claims, assessing the viability of the business, and assisting in the formulation and implementation of the rehabilitation plan.
- The Rehabilitation Plan: The rehabilitation plan is the cornerstone of the process. It must detail the company’s financial status, the reasons for its distress, and a concrete strategy for recovery. This plan needs to be approved by the creditors, with specific voting thresholds for secured and unsecured claims, and ultimately confirmed by the court. The court has a “cram-down power,” which allows it to approve a plan even if dissenting creditors reject it, provided that the plan meets certain legal requirements and adequately protects the rights of those creditors.
2. Pre-Negotiated Rehabilitation
This is a more expedited process where the debtor, by itself or jointly with its creditors, files a petition for the approval of a rehabilitation plan that has already been pre-negotiated and endorsed by a certain percentage of creditors. This requires the consent of creditors holding at least two-thirds (2/3) of the total liabilities, including majorities of both secured and unsecured claims.
3. Out-of-Court or Informal Restructuring Agreements
This option allows for debt restructuring without court intervention. It is a voluntary agreement between the debtor and its creditors. To be binding on all creditors (including dissenting ones), the agreement must be approved by:
- The debtor.
- Creditors representing at least 67% of secured obligations.
- Creditors representing at least 75% of unsecured obligations.
- Creditors holding at least 85% of the total liabilities.
III. Liquidation: The Dissolution of the Debtor
If rehabilitation is not feasible or if it fails, the debtor’s only remaining recourse under FRIA is liquidation. This is the process of selling the debtor’s assets and distributing the proceeds to creditors in a legally mandated order of priority. The debtor’s corporate existence is terminated upon the issuance of a Liquidation Order.
- Voluntary Liquidation: An insolvent debtor, with the required corporate approvals, may file a verified petition with the court for liquidation.
- Involuntary Liquidation: Three or more creditors with an aggregate claim of at least ₱1 million may file a petition for the liquidation of an insolvent debtor.
Upon finding the petition meritorious, the court issues a Liquidation Order.
- Effects of the Liquidation Order: The Liquidation Order dissolves the debtor, terminates its corporate existence, and orders the liquidation of its assets. A court-appointed liquidator takes control of all the debtor’s property. The order also prohibits the debtor from making any payments or transferring assets.
- The Liquidator: The liquidator is responsible for identifying, inventorying, and appraising all assets of the debtor. The liquidator then sells these assets, typically through a public auction or private sale, and uses the proceeds to satisfy creditor claims.
- The Liquidation Plan and Distribution of Proceeds: The liquidator submits a liquidation plan to the court, which includes a proposed distribution of the proceeds. The distribution follows a strict hierarchy of preference of credits, which is a key component of Philippine law.
- Secured Creditors: Creditors with valid and perfected liens on specific property are paid first from the proceeds of the sale of that collateral.
- Administrative Expenses: The fees and costs of the liquidation process are paid next.
- Preferred Credits: Certain claims, such as unpaid wages of employees, have statutory preference and are paid before general unsecured claims.
- Unsecured Creditors: General unsecured creditors are paid last, on a pro-rata basis, if there are any remaining funds.
IV. Cross-Border Insolvency
FRIA also includes provisions for cross-border insolvency, incorporating the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. This allows a foreign representative of an insolvent debtor to apply for recognition of a foreign insolvency proceeding in the Philippines, facilitating cooperation between Philippine and foreign courts.
V. Conclusion
FRIA of 2010 provides a modern and comprehensive legal framework for addressing financial distress in the Philippines. It offers a structured approach for both corporate and individual debtors, with a clear distinction between the rescue-oriented process of rehabilitation and the asset-distribution process of liquidation. The law aims to protect the interests of all parties—the debtor’s management, employees, and, most importantly, the creditors—while promoting economic stability. Understanding the nuances of FRIA is crucial for any business, investor, or creditor operating within the Philippine legal system.
How we can help:
Our law firm offers dedicated legal assistance to guide you through every step in navigating the complexities of the legal system, all while relentlessly working to seek justice on your behalf. We understand the challenges you’re facing and are committed to providing the support and representation needed to pursue a favorable resolution.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and isn’t a substitute for professional legal advice. If you need personalized guidance, it’s always best to consult with a lawyer.
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Date Posted: August 6, 2025
A Comprehensive Legal Guide to Mergers and Acquisitions in the Philippines
Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are transformative corporate transactions that play a vital role in shaping the Philippine business landscape. They are powerful tools for expansion, consolidation, and restructuring. Navigating M&A in the Philippines requires a comprehensive understanding of a multi-layered legal framework, which includes corporate law, competition law, securities regulations, and specialized industry rules. This article provides a detailed legal overview of M&A in the Philippines.
I. The Core Legal Framework
The legal foundation for M&A in the Philippines is primarily rooted in three key pieces of legislation:
- The Revised Corporation Code (Republic Act No. 11232): This law, enacted in 2019, is the central pillar of Philippine corporate law. It governs the mechanics of statutory mergers and consolidations, outlining the necessary procedures, approvals, and effects of such transactions.
- The Philippine Competition Act (Republic Act No. 10667): The PCA is the country’s national competition policy law. It establishes a merger control regime, requiring certain M&A transactions that exceed specific financial thresholds to be notified to and approved by the Philippine Competition Commission (PCC) to prevent anti-competitive effects.
- The Securities Regulation Code (Republic Act No. 8799): The SRC governs M&A involving publicly listed companies or those with a large number of shareholders. It mandates disclosure requirements and, in some cases, a tender offer process to protect public investors.
II. Types of M&A Transactions
M&A transactions in the Philippines can be structured in several ways, each with distinct legal implications:
- Statutory Merger: This is a combination of two or more corporations into a single surviving corporation. The Revised Corporation Code governs this process, which requires the approval of the board of directors and a vote of the stockholders representing at least two-thirds (2/3) of the outstanding capital stock of each constituent corporation. Upon SEC approval, the surviving entity inherits all the assets, rights, and liabilities of the absorbed corporation.
- Consolidation: Similar to a merger, this involves two or more corporations combining to form an entirely new corporation. All assets and liabilities of the consolidating entities are transferred to the new corporation, and the original corporations cease to exist. The process and requirements are similar to those for a statutory merger.
- Asset Acquisition: In this transaction, a buyer acquires specific assets and/or assumes certain liabilities of a target company. This does not involve the dissolution of the target company as an entity. The transaction is governed by a sale and purchase agreement and may require a shareholder vote if it involves the sale of all or substantially all of the corporation’s assets.
- Stock Acquisition: This is the most common form of acquisition. It involves a buyer purchasing a controlling interest (a majority of the shares) in a target company. The target company continues to exist as a separate legal entity, but its ownership and control are transferred to the buyer.
III. The Merger and Consolidation Process
The Revised Corporation Code outlines a detailed process for statutory mergers and consolidations, which typically involves the following steps:
- Plan of Merger or Consolidation: The boards of directors of all corporations involved must approve a plan outlining the terms and conditions of the transaction. This plan must include the names of the merging/consolidating corporations, the terms for transferring assets and liabilities, and the manner of converting shares of stock.
- Stockholder Approval: The plan must be submitted to the stockholders for approval at a meeting duly called for the purpose. A vote of at least two-thirds of the outstanding capital stock of each corporation is required.
- SEC Approval: The corporations must file the plan with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) for approval. The SEC reviews the plan to ensure compliance with legal requirements.
- Certificate of Merger/Consolidation: If the plan is in order, the SEC will issue a Certificate of Merger or Consolidation, which gives legal effect to the transaction. The surviving or new corporation succeeds to all the rights, properties, privileges, and liabilities of the constituent corporations.
Dissenting shareholders in a merger or consolidation have the right to demand payment for their shares at their fair value, a legal protection known as appraisal rights.
IV. Philippine Competition Act and Merger Control
The Philippine Competition Act (PCA) has a significant impact on M&A, particularly for large-scale transactions. The law prohibits M&A that may “substantially prevent, restrict, or lessen competition.”
- Compulsory Notification: The PCA, through the Philippine Competition Commission (PCC), establishes a mandatory notification regime. M&A transactions that meet specific financial thresholds must be notified to the PCC for review and approval before they can be consummated. These thresholds are adjusted periodically by the PCC to reflect economic conditions. As of March 1, 2025, the thresholds for mandatory notification are a Size of Person (SoP) of ₱8.5 billion and a Size of Transaction (SoT) of ₱3.5 billion.
- Review Process: Once a transaction is notified, the PCC reviews it to determine its potential impact on competition. The review process involves a two-phase assessment. If the PCC finds that the transaction will not harm competition, it issues a clearance. If the transaction is found to be anti-competitive, the PCC can prohibit it, or approve it subject to specific conditions or modifications.
- Penalties for Non-Compliance: Failure to notify a notifiable transaction or consummating it before receiving PCC clearance renders the transaction void and subjects the parties to administrative fines of up to 5% of the transaction value.
V. Special Considerations for M&A in the Philippines
- Securities Regulation Code (SRC): Tender Offer Rule: For M&A involving public companies, the SRC imposes a “Tender Offer Rule.” This rule requires a person or group of persons acting in concert to make a tender offer to all stockholders if they intend to acquire a certain percentage of the voting shares of a public company. The threshold is typically an acquisition that results in the acquirer owning more than 35% of the outstanding voting shares or, if the acquirer already holds between 35% and 50%, an acquisition of an additional 2% within a 12-month period.
- Foreign Investment Limitations: The Foreign Investments Act (FIA) and the Foreign Investment Negative List (FINL) impose restrictions on foreign ownership in certain sectors. These restrictions must be carefully considered, as they can limit a foreign entity’s ability to acquire a controlling stake in a Philippine corporation. For example, some sectors, like public utilities, have constitutional limitations on foreign ownership.
- Due Diligence: Due diligence is a crucial phase in any M&A transaction. It involves a thorough investigation of the target company’s financial, legal, operational, and regulatory aspects to identify potential risks and liabilities.
- Tax Implications: M&A transactions have significant tax consequences. The National Internal Revenue Code (NIRC) and other tax laws govern matters such as capital gains tax, documentary stamp tax, and value-added tax. Professional tax advice is essential for structuring a transaction in a tax-efficient manner.
- Sector-Specific Regulations: Certain industries are subject to special laws and regulatory oversight. M&A involving banks, insurance companies, public utilities, and other regulated entities may require additional approvals from their respective government agencies, such as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) for banks or the Insurance Commission for insurance companies.
VI. Conclusion
Mergers and acquisitions in the Philippines are complex legal endeavors that require careful planning and meticulous execution. The Revised Corporation Code provides the fundamental corporate law framework, while the Philippine Competition Act and the Securities Regulation Code introduce crucial regulatory hurdles for large and public transactions, respectively. Navigating this landscape successfully requires expert legal counsel to ensure compliance, mitigate risks, and achieve the strategic objectives of the transaction.
How we can help:
Our law firm offers dedicated legal assistance to guide you through every step in navigating the complexities of the legal system, all while relentlessly working to seek justice on your behalf. We understand the challenges you’re facing and are committed to providing the support and representation needed to pursue a favorable resolution.
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and isn’t a substitute for professional legal advice. If you need personalized guidance, it’s always best to consult with a lawyer.
_______
Date Posted: August 6, 2025
Securities Laws in the Philippines: A Comprehensive Overview
The legal framework governing securities in the Philippines is designed to protect investors, promote market integrity, and foster capital formation. This article provides a detailed examination of the core principles, key legislation, and regulatory bodies that shape the Philippine securities market.
I. The Securities Regulation Code (Republic Act No. 8799)
The primary legal basis for securities regulation in the Philippines is the Securities Regulation Code (SRC), or Republic Act No. 8799. Enacted in 2000, the SRC is a landmark legislation that modernized and consolidated previous securities laws. Its main objectives are to:
- Establish a socially conscious, free, and self-regulating market.
- Encourage the widest participation of ownership in enterprises.
- Promote the development of the capital market.
- Protect investors and ensure full and fair disclosure of information.
- Minimize, if not eliminate, fraudulent and manipulative practices.
The SRC defines “securities” broadly to include a wide range of financial instruments, such as shares of stock, bonds, debentures, investment contracts, and certificates of participation in a commercial enterprise or profit-making venture.
II. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is the primary administrative agency responsible for implementing and enforcing the SRC. Established in 1936, the SEC’s role has evolved to become the central overseer of the Philippine corporate and capital market. Its key functions include:
- Registration and Regulation: The SEC is responsible for approving, rejecting, suspending, or revoking the registration of securities, as well as the licenses of market participants like brokers, dealers, and salesmen.
- Market Supervision: It supervises and monitors the activities of exchanges, clearing agencies, and other self-regulatory organizations (SROs).
- Enforcement: The SEC has broad powers to investigate violations, issue subpoenas, impose sanctions, and issue cease and desist orders to prevent fraud or injury to the investing public.
- Rule-Making: It formulates and issues rules and regulations to administer the provisions of the SRC and ensure compliance.
III. Key Provisions and Regulatory Pillars
The SRC is built on several fundamental pillars that are crucial to understanding Philippine securities law:
A. Disclosure Requirements
This is a cornerstone of the SRC, aimed at ensuring that investors have all the necessary information to make informed decisions.
- Registration of Securities: Before securities can be offered for sale or public distribution in the Philippines, a registration statement must be filed with and approved by the SEC, unless the securities are exempt. The registration statement requires full disclosure of information about the issuer, the nature of its business, financial condition, and the securities being offered.
- Reportorial Requirements: Issuers with registered securities, listed equities, or a certain number of shareholders and asset levels are required to file periodic reports, including annual and quarterly reports, with the SEC. These reports ensure continuous disclosure of material information to the public.
B. Prohibition on Fraud and Market Manipulation
The SRC strictly prohibits deceptive and manipulative practices in the securities market. This includes:
- Insider Trading: This is one of the most serious violations of the SRC. It is unlawful for an “insider”—which includes the issuer, its directors, officers, or anyone with access to non-public information—to trade securities based on that material information. An insider has a duty to disclose the material information or to abstain from trading.
- Market Manipulation: The Code prohibits a range of manipulative activities, such as:
- Wash Sales: Transactions in which there is no change in the beneficial ownership of the security.
- Matched Orders: Placing buy and sell orders at substantially the same time and at the same price with the intention of creating a false or misleading appearance of active trading.
- Pumping and Dumping: Artificially inflating the price of a stock through false or misleading statements to sell at a higher price.
C. Regulation of Market Participants
The SRC mandates the registration and regulation of all entities and individuals involved in the securities market to ensure their integrity and competence. This includes:
- Brokers and Dealers: These entities must be registered with the SEC and comply with specific requirements, including capital adequacy and ethical conduct.
- Exchanges and Other Trading Markets: All securities exchanges, such as the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE), must be registered with and supervised by the SEC.
- Clearing Agencies: These entities, which facilitate the settlement of securities transactions, also require SEC registration and oversight.
IV. Enforcement and Penalties
The SEC is empowered to enforce the provisions of the SRC through various administrative and judicial remedies. Violations of the SRC can result in a combination of civil, administrative, and criminal penalties.
- Administrative Sanctions: The SEC can impose fines, suspend or revoke licenses, and disqualify individuals from holding positions in corporations.
- Civil Liabilities: Individuals who suffer damages as a result of false or misleading statements in a registration statement can sue for damages. The SRC specifies who may be held liable, including the issuer, directors, underwriters, and experts.
- Criminal Penalties: The SRC imposes severe criminal penalties for serious violations. These can include:
- Fines ranging from ₱50,000 to ₱5 million.
- Imprisonment for a term of 7 to 21 years.
- In cases of foreign nationals, immediate deportation after serving the prison sentence.
The severity of the penalty often depends on the nature and extent of the violation, with more serious offenses like insider trading and market manipulation carrying the harshest sanctions.
V. Conclusion
The Philippine Securities Regulation Code provides a robust and comprehensive framework for regulating the country’s capital markets. Through the oversight of the SEC, the law aims to create an environment of transparency and fairness, where investors are protected and the market can thrive. A deep understanding of these laws is essential for anyone participating in the Philippine financial landscape, from corporate issuers to individual investors and market professionals. Strict adherence to the SRC and its implementing rules is not only a legal obligation but also a fundamental practice for ensuring the health and integrity of the Philippine economy.
How we can help:
Our law firm offers dedicated legal assistance to guide you through every step in navigating the complexities of the legal system, all while relentlessly working to seek justice on your behalf. We understand the challenges you’re facing and are committed to providing the support and representation needed to pursue a favorable resolution.